3^rd Annual Congress on Pollution and Global Warming October 16-18, 2017 Atlanta,Georgia, USA

Microbial bioremediation covers a wide range of recalcitrant degradation of pharmaceutical waste. The present study aims to inspect the dried, nonliving Pleurotus florida bio-waste efficacy for bioremediation of aspirin in an ecofriendly manner. The equilibrium uptake of aspirin was investigated using batch experiments which were carried out as a function of contact time, initial concentration, pH and biomass dose. The optimal conditions for the highest percentage removal of aspirin was achieved at 2 h contact time, 100 mg/L of aspirin concentration, at pH 5 and 4.0 g/L biomass dose. The best fit was obtained by Langmuir isotherm model with high correlation coefficient (R2=0.989). The Pleurotus florida bio-waste was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermo-gravimetric analyzer and their interaction between the aspirin was illustrated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope.

Anne Elizabeth Vivian Gorden has completed her PhD while working with Jonathan Sessler at the University of Texas at Austin in Organic Chemistry. She then moved on to do Post-doctoral research with Kenneth Raymond, first at the University of California - Berkeley and then at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratoy Seaborg Center. In 2005, she started as an Assistant Professor at Auburn University, the land grant university for Alabama. She was tenured and promoted to Associate Professor in 2011. She is Faculty Advisor for the Auburn Association of Women in Science, and she is an Author of more than 40 peer-reviewed publications.

Streamlining synthesis improves atom economy or selectivity improves sustainability of chemical processes which makes better use of dwindling natural resources. Introducing catalytic reactions or limiting volatile organic solvents (VOS) are required for purifications or are two examples of reducing industrial impacts. Most catalytic systems feature toxic metals, high catalyst loading, and/or hazardous organic solvents. Selectivity and optimal conditions remain elusive. Previously, we have developed 2-quinoxalinol salens, Schiff base ligands with a quinoxaline incorporated into a salen backbone, nicknamed Salqu, as catalyst supports for Cu(II). The imbued electronic properties of the heterocycle improves solubility and increases catalytic efficacy as compared to analogous salen or salophen complexes in oxidation reactions. Simple olefin substrates can be oxidized using the salqu catalyst with TBHP (up to 99% yield) with short reaction times and improved selectivity. These Salqu ligands have now been modified through sulfonation to be water soluble. The aqueous soluble metal catalysts then possess some of the beneficial properties of homogeneous catalysis - selectivity and efficiency, while also being more easily recoverable and recyclable. The Sulfosalqu ligands have been used in Cu(II) complexes for the selective oxidation of propargylic, benzylic and allylic alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds in water in combination with the oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). Excellent selectivity was achieved with this catalytic protocol for the oxidation of propargylic, benzylic, and allylic alcohols over aliphatic alcohols. Here, we describe the efficacy of these in C-H activation and their mechanism of reaction.. 

Chemical carcinogens trigger cancer, directly cause genetic mutation leading to rapid cell division and abnormal cell growth. Most of the heavy metals are anticipated to be human carcinogen and metal carcinogenicity ingestion in living system beyond the limited concentration causes severe health disorders. Macro fungi are promising economic, environmental sound alternative bioremediating tool for the heavy metal uptake capacity. The present study offers an insight into the deterioration of metal toxicity through the Pleurotus species and the experimental results highlighted the screening potential of Pleurotus florida for nickel and cobalt ions uptake capacity. Larger amount of cobalt ion 66.33 mg/Kg in the fungal fruiting body than nickel ions (52.83 mg/Kg) showed that cobalt ion has greater bioaccumulation factor and resulted in lower growth rate. The metal accumulated Pleurotus florida species were tested against pathogenic bacteria and fungal organisms and the zone of inhibitory values indicated greater antimicrobial activity than control and it confirms the bioaccumulation of metal ions in the fungal fruiting body. 

Joshua R New is a Computer Scientist serving as Full-Time R&D Staff at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Joint Faculty at The University of Tennessee, and Founder and CEO of Tunation, LLC. He received his PhD in Computer Science at the University of Tennessee in 2009. He serves at Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Building Technology Research Integration Center (BTRIC) as Subprogram Manager for software tools and models. He has over 95 peer-reviewed publications and has led more than 45 competitively-awarded projects in the past five years involving websites, web services, databases, simulation development, visual analytics, supercomputing using the world’s fastest supercomputer and artificial intelligence for big data mining. He is a Voting Member of ASHRAE TC4.2 and SSPC-169 which define the climate data and HVAC design conditions for international building codes. 

Statement of the Problem: ASHRAE releases updates to 90.1 “Energy Standard for Buildings except Low-Rise Residential Buildings” every three years resulting in a 3.7%-17.3% increase in energy efficiency for buildings with each release. This is adopted by or informs building codes in nations across the globe, is the National Standard for the US, and individual states elect which release year of the standard they will enforce. These codes are built upon Standard 169 “Climatic Data for Building Design Standards,” the latest 2017 release of which defines climate zones based on 8, 118 weather stations throughout the world and data from the past 8-25 years. This data may not be indicative of the weather that new buildings built today, will see during their upcoming 30-120 year lifespan. Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: Using more modern, high-resolution datasets from climate satellites, IPCC climate models (PCM and HadGCM), high performance computing resources (Titan) and new capabilities for clustering and optimization the authors briefly analyzed different methods for redefining climate zones. Using bottom-up analysis of multiple meteorological variables which were the subject matter, experts selected as being important to energy consumption, rather than the heating/cooling degree days currently used. Findings: We analyzed the accuracy of redefined climate zones, compared to current climate zones and how the climate zones moved under different climate change scenarios, and quantified the accuracy of these methods on a local level, at a national scale for the US. Conclusion & Significance: There is likely to be a significant annual, national energy and cost (billions USD) savings that could be realized by adjusting climate zones to take into account anticipated trends or scenarios in regional weather patterns. 

Rohail Riaz Khoushab is graduated from an International High School with IB Program honors and currently a sophomore student at De Anza College studying Political Science

Climate change is an important aspect of discussion. It has overturned environmental stability and started increasing the global surface temperature by almost 5 °C in the last 27 years. This has resulted in the rising rate of melting of the ice cap, on mountains and thus the rise in oceanic levels. The definition of climate change is a change in a region’s average weather and or climate. The

general public confuses the difference between climate and weather. Weather is a short-term change we see in humidity, precipitation and wind. Climate is the weather of that region averaged over a long period of time. And in regards to climate change specifically, we see these long-term changes happen over thousands upon thousands of years. Some of the causes of climate change are actually natural. These natural changes result from the Earth’s orbit and the amount of energy that is coming from the sun. However, most scientists believe the rapid escalation of CO2 ppm (parts per million) started during the Industrial Revolution and has not looked back since. Starting from the industrial revolution, the burning of coal, oil and gas is how we produce the energy we are so dependent on today. The process of burning these fuels is what traps heat in our air and that result in the incremental increase of temperature on our planet. It also provides a startling way out of through the apparent holocaust the world is facing in perhaps, the next century. These natural changes result from the Earth’s orbit and the amount of energy that is coming from the sun.

Kouichi Matsumoto graduated from Kyoto University in 2005. He received his PhD in 2010 from Kyoto University under the supervision of Professor Jun-ichi Yoshida. In 2010, he joined the group of Prof. Shigenori Kashimura at Kindai University as an Assistant Professor. He was promoted to Lecturer in 2014. His current research interests are in 1) the development of new reactions using electro-organic chemistry, 2) the kinetic analysis of electro-generated reactive species using Raman spectroscopy, and 3) the synthesis of organic materials for organic thin film solar cells. He is awarded with the Student Presentation Award in the 89th CSJ spring meeting (2009), and got Prize of the Promotion of Engineering Research in Foundation for the Promotion of Engineering Research (2012) 

Prins cyclization using simple aldehydes and homoallylic alcohols in the presence of acid reagents is well known to form functionalized tetrahydropyrans, and the reactions have been extensively studied so far. Because tetrahydropyrans are important and interesting unit in bioactive molecules, a new synthetic development in this field has been still required. In the view point of integration of Prins cyclization, some interesting reactions have been reported. For example, sequential Sakurai-Prins-Ritter reactions are developed by Rovis, T. et al. This reaction involves Prins cyclization in the latter stage. Tandem Prins/Friedel-Crafts cyclization has recently been reported by Yadav, J. S. et al, in which the generated carbocation by Prins cyclization was trapped by aromatic ring to form heterotricycles. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no report of tandem Prins/cationic cyclization using aldehyde and non-conjugated diene alcohol as integrated Prins cyclization. We have recently reported that the electrochemical oxidation of the solution of aldehydes and homoallylic alcohols in Bu4NBF4/CH2Cl2 afforded the corresponding fluorinated tetrahydrofurans via Prins cyclization. During the course of our study, we found that this type of cyclization reaction could be extended to tandem Prins/ cationic cyclization (Scheme 1). The electrochemical oxidation of octanal (R = C7H15-) and (E)-4,7-octadiene-1-ol in Bu4NBF4/CH2Cl2 at -40 oC in divided cell gave the corresponding fluorinated bicyclic compound in 73% yield. The same reactions were also found to be promoted by Lewis acids. In the presentation, the detail of the reactions including optimization, scope and limitations, and mechanism will be discussed. 

Velram Balaji Mohan received a BTech in Polymer Technology from Anna University, India and an ME (Hons) in Materials and Process Engineering from the University of Waikato, New Zealand. He has gained a PhD from the Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM) at the University of Auckland on the

development of functional graphene/polymer nanocomposites. Currently, he is working as a Research Fellow at the Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM) and Plastics Centre of Excellence (PCoE) at the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Graphene is a unique carbon material and its derivatives can be used as functional reinforcements in polymers for applications, such as sensors, flexible devices and functional nanocomposites. This article focuses on the preparation and characterisation of superconducting graphene derivatives and manufacturing of complex blends of primary and secondary polymers reinforced with highly conductive graphene material. The electrical conductivity can be established in conventional non-conductive thermoplastics

by melt blending process through systematic approach and the right choice of additional electrically conductive components. Conducting polymers such as polyaniline-complex (PANI-complex) and polypyrrole (PPY) can be blended with thermoplastics even at higher temperatures of 280ºC. Hence, hybrids of polypropylene (PP-non-polar), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA-polar) and polyoxymethylene (POM-highly polar) as primary polymer matrices while polypyrrole and polyaniline as secondary conducting polymer matrices reinforced with graphene (G). The maximum electrical conductivity of 0.7 S/cm has been acquired with POM/ PPY/G blend with 4 wt% and 3 wt% of polypyrrole and graphene loading, respectively. Furthermore, electrically conductive wires were produced using graphene particles’ different fibre yarns (including natural fibres) as wires and epoxy resin as a binding material. Three different dip-coating approaches were used and electrical conductivity and morphology of the samples were investigated. By systematically varying material composition and manufacturing techniques, and applying optimisation methods, it will identify sets of coating parameters that will allow improving electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. This will demonstrate that

conducting yarns can be produced using off-the-shelf technologies, inexpensive natural fibres and easily synthesisable conducting organic materials. These points are critical if graphene and reduced graphene oxide are to be produced and used in large-scale devices or bulk commercial applications.

Seong Baek Yang is a PhD student, conducting research on nanomaterial manufacturing and spinning. He is also interested in the production of nanocomposites using biopolymers and environmentally friendly polymers, and is actively conducting research on nanocomposite manufacturing using electrospinning and centrifugal spinning. In addition, PVA, a biocompatible polymer, has produced and reported for cosmetics, biomedical microspheres, fibers, and films, and fibers oriented by centrifugal spinning and improved electrospinning have reported. He focuses on the development of a variety of materials that are needed for the future industry and that will be applied in a variety of areas 

Centrifugal-jet spinning is an emerging technique for fabricating micro-to-nanofibers in recent years. Compared with electrospinning, it showed advantages of high production rate and insensitive dielectric constant of materials. In particular, this spinning technique is effective for preparing aligned fibers. Aligned fibrous mats have potential applications for composite materials, reinforcements, electrochemical sensing, bone and blood vessel engineering and tissue engineering which often require well-aligned and highly ordered architectures. By studying the orientation of the nanofibers according to the position of the collector in the centrifugal spinning system, it is possible to take the convenience of the process. Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is a semi-crystalline hydrophilic polymer with good chemical and thermal stability. It has many appealing features such as biocompatibility, high water permeability, easy process ability and chemical resistance. In this study, we investigated the factors affecting nanofiber formation, and studied the morphology of nanofibers collected at the collector and the positions where the fibers were formed according to the changes of the factors by using PVA. The morphological changes were observed in detail by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The prepared PVA nanofiber webs and highly aligned nanofibers were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetric technique. 

Seong Baek Yang is a PhD student, conducting research on nanomaterial manufacturing and spinning. He is also interested in the production of nanocomposites using biopolymers and environmentally friendly polymers, and is actively conducting research on nanocomposite manufacturing using electrospinning and centrifugal spinning. In addition, PVA, a biocompatible polymer, has produced and reported for cosmetics, biomedical microspheres, fibers, and films, and fibers oriented by centrifugal spinning and improved electrospinning have reported. He focuses on the development of a variety of materials that are needed for the future industry and that will be applied in a variety of areas 

The development of internal combustion engines has actively pursued as the intensity of fuel consumption and environmental regulations for automotive parts has increased, the research speed for the development of lightweight parts has rapidly developed. Composite/carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) have been extensively developed in the modern automotive industry, and their applications in many military and commercial airplanes are steadily growing because of their enhanced characteristics as well as high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion/erosion resistance, high design flexibility, and the exceptional ability to withstand high stresses in service while reducing weight. In general, CFRP reinforcement materials are applied according to the externally bonded reinforcement system. Olefin polymer generally used as adhesives for bonding carbon fiber reinforced plastics owing to the outstanding adhesive strength of polypropylene to polypropylene composites. The discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNT) with their extraordinary physical and mechanical properties has led to unique approaches of employing them as ideal reinforcements in advanced nanocomposites. Therefore, in this research, the bonding strength between CFT (continuous fiber thermoplastic) and LFT (long fiber thermoplastic) was developed using CNT reinforced materials. The polypropylene/CNT composite resin was made by mechanical distribution of the CNT in polypropylene. The bonding made between CFT and LFT using this composite is improved by its physical properties. Polypropylene/CNT composites were used for a mechanical adhesion between CFT and LFT. 

Y S Mok has received BS degree in Chemical Engineering from Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea, in 1989 and the MS and PhD degrees in Chemical Engineering from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), South Korea, in 1991 and 1994, respectively. He has been with the Department of Chemical Engineering, Jeju National University, Korea, since 2000. During the last two decades, he has studied applications of non-thermal plasma to pollution (air/water) control, energy production and material syntheses and he is widening his plasma research horizon to meet various industrial needs, including plasmamediated hydrophobic coating of powdery materials, sterilization of microorganisms, heterogeneous catalyst preparation, etc. 

In this work, plasma-catalytic dry reforming of butane (C4H10) was performed to produce synthesis gas (a mixture of CO and H2) over Ni/alumina catalyst. In the dry reforming, carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a global warming gas, is used as a reactant and thus this process has attracted attention as an environmental friendly process. The catalyst (Ni) was supported on an alumina using an impregnation method in an amount of 2-10 wt%. Plasma was used for two purposes; one is the reduction of the catalyst and the other is the promotion of the dry reforming reaction. For the promotion of the dry reforming reaction, plasma was created in the catalyst-packed bed by an alternating current (AC) high voltage (operating frequency: 1 kHz). During the catalyst preparation, thermal and plasma-assisted calcination and reduction processes were used to produce catalysts with optimal reactivity. The catalytic activity for the dry reforming was evaluated by controlling the molar ratio of C4H10/CO2 from 1:2 to 1:5 at temperatures of 500- 600 °C. The changes in the catalytic properties before and after the dry reforming reaction were observed using XPS, XRD, TEM, BET, FESEM, temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR), Raman spectroscopy and temperature programmed oxidation (TPO). According to the experimental results, the plasma-reduced catalyst exhibited better catalytic performance for the production of H2 than the thermally reduced catalyst because the nickel particles were finely dispersed on the surface of the alumina support by plasma, resulting in a wider surface area (or more active sites). In addition, when plasma was used during the dry reforming reaction, the butane conversion efficiency was 30-50% higher than that of the catalyst alone. This result can be attributed to the thermal effect and the activation of the catalyst by the plasma. 

Leuga Monkam Ignace Bertrand is a young person from a farmer's family. He is passionate about the environment. This allowed him to pursue studies in this field. In this sense, he carried out various studies, among which: The inventory of forest exploitation in the locality of Ngoume in the central region in Cameroon. He then carried out an environmental impact study in the locality of Lolodove in the South region of Cameroon. Subsequently, he worked on the valorization of non-hospital organic waste at the Mother and Children Center of the Chantal Biya Foundation. He also worked on the management of plastic waste in the locality of Ngaoundere and today he is co-founder of AfroGreenTech a Startup that is revolutionizing agriculture in Africa.

According to the Light Power Action report published by the AFRICA PROGRESS PANEL, 620,000,000 Africans are not connected to the electricity grid. Moreover, the incomes of two-thirds of African families depend on agriculture. In most cases, it is a subsistence farming whose labor is family and is practiced with rudimentary tools. Initiatives have been put in place to organize farmers into cooperatives, but the lack of adequate monitoring leads to the ineffectiveness of this approach. Yet, with global warming, we will face two major challenges: how to lead a development in breach with the energies of fossil origin? And how can farmers be protected from the various risks associated with climate change? The answer to these two questions is found: this is technology. This is why in order to provide farmers with the technology needed to improve production, crop transformation and the adaptation to global

warming that we have created AfroGreenTech. Here we create a community made up of farmer organizations, trainers, innovators, insurance institutions, investors, distributors. This will boost the sector and produce a significant change. 

Leuga Monkam Ignace Bertrand is a young person from a farmer's family. He is passionate about the environment. This allowed him to pursue studies in this field. In this sense, he carried out various studies, among which: The inventory of forest exploitation in the locality of Ngoume in the central region in Cameroon. He then carried out an environmental impact study in the locality of Lolodove in the South region of Cameroon. Subsequently, he worked on the valorization of non-hospital organic waste at the Mother and Children Center of the Chantal Biya Foundation. He also worked on the management of plastic waste in the locality of Ngaoundere and today he is co-founder of AfroGreenTech a Startup that is revolutionizing agriculture in Africa.

According to the Light Power Action report published by the AFRICA PROGRESS PANEL, 620,000,000 Africans are not connected to the electricity grid. Moreover, the incomes of two-thirds of African families depend on agriculture. In most cases, it is a subsistence farming whose labor is family and is practiced with rudimentary tools. Initiatives have been put in place to organize farmers into cooperatives, but the lack of adequate monitoring leads to the ineffectiveness of this approach. Yet, with global warming, we will face two major challenges: how to lead a development in breach with the energies of fossil origin? And how can farmers be protected from the various risks associated with climate change? The answer to these two questions is found: this is technology. This is why in order to provide farmers with the technology needed to improve production, crop transformation and the adaptation to global

warming that we have created AfroGreenTech. Here we create a community made up of farmer organizations, trainers, innovators, insurance institutions, investors, distributors. This will boost the sector and produce a significant change. 

Aranzazu Garcia Borrego is a Senior Scientist at Instituto de la Grasa, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), has extensive experience in the extraction and purification of phenolic compounds from virgin olive oil, olive by-products and other plants. She has a wide knowledge in the biological activities of in vitro phytochemicals and special interest in strategies that allows the production and use of bioactive substances through environmental friendly techniques and has developed methods for obtaining phytochemicals using green-solvents and is currently involved in the research of new eco-friendly eutectic solvents 

Olive pomace, alpeorujo, is the single and pollutant by-product generated during the extraction of virgin olive oil, which is a serious environmental problem. Alpeorujo is rich in phenolic compounds, potent natural antioxidants with bioactive activities. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) are emerging solvents due to its versatility and ability to solubilize organic material such as polyphenols. In this work we studied the capacity of DESs to obtain polyphenols from fresh alpeorujo of the Manzanilla cultivar in different extractive conditions. The effect of temperature (25ºC, 40ºC), time (1 h, 24 h) and ratio alpeorujo : solvent (1:1 and 1:2) on the extraction of polyphenols, was analyzed comparing two DESs prepared with Choline Choride-glycerol (EU-1) and Choline Choride-Xylitol (EU- 2) with the conventional solvent methanol in aqueous mixtures 80% v/v (C-1), 50% v/v (C-2) and water (C-3). Phenolic extracts were analyzed in HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI IT/TOF-MS. Figure 1 shows the sum of phenolic compounds individually quantified and obtained in different conditions. At the two studied temperatures DESs were most extractive than conventional solvents. The use of 40ºC led to significantly more efficient extractions than to 25ºC for DESs and C-1. Comparing the extractive efficiency of eutectic solvents, DES-2 was more extractive than DES-1 at 40°C. We found that 40°C, ratio solvent:alpeorujo (1:1) and 1h of extraction time were the more effective conditions. When phenols were individually analyzed, we denoted that DESs were able to extract mainly phenols of low polarity and bioactive molecules such as oleocanthal, oleacin, others derivatives of ligstroside and oleuropein and the phenylpropanoid verbascoside. In this study, we have determined the highest efficiency of DESs obtaining polyphenols from alpeorujo when compared to conventional solvents. These results propose DESs as efficient and environment-friendly alternative to conventional methanol extraction of bioactive molecules from olive oil waste