9^th International Conference on Global Warming, Climate Change and Pollution Control December 05-06, 2018 Vancouver, Canada

Biography:

Addisu Gebremedhin Atsibha is expert in environment and climate change. He has got BSc in Biology and MSc in Environmental Science. He has been working in Environmental Protection Authority and Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change as a researcher and senior environmentalist. He has practical experience in the area of pollution research, compliance monitoring, climate change, technology transfer and climate change mainstreaming. He has been the focal person to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC) NAMA registry. He has prepared researches on pollution and participated in the revision of environmental policy, preparation of environmental strategy, national adaptation plan, technology need assessment, safeguard framework for climate change projects. Currently, he has been working as a senior environmentalist for the African Development Bank program under the Water Resource Development Fund and is general manager for the Evergreen Environment and Development Consultancy. He has participated in many national and international conferences in Ethiopia and abroad.

Abstract:

Statement of the Problem: Addis Ababa town is the capital of Ethiopia and the seat for the African Union with a total of 4 million populations. 65% of the total industries in Ethiopia are located in Addis Ababa and were established before the issuance of laws on pollution, thus they didn’t establish waste treatment plant and they are located within 10-30 meters from the Akaki river and their wastewater is directly discharged to the river. Bioaccumulation of seven heavy metals: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, iron, lead, mercury and zinc in ten vegetable types: beet root, cabbage,  carrots, cauliflower, kale, spring onions, potatoes, lettuce, swiss chard, and peppers were determined in nine farms in Addis Ababa both of which are irrigated with the wastewater of Akaki river. 32 wastewater samples, 45 composite soil samples, and 41 vegetable samples were collected from the vegetable farms and were analyzed for physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentration. Water analysis result showed that physicochemical parameters: total suspended solids, phosphorus, BOD5, COD, and fecal coliforms and Iron, copper and mercury are found above the recommended maximum limit. It is found that the pH value of soils for 90% of the sites was alkaline. Heavy metal analysis of soils showed that iron exceeds the limit in all the sampling sites, chromium in Asco and lead in Kera site. Vegetable analysis showed that chromium and lead by far exceed the limit in almost all samples. Furthermore mercury and iron exceed the limit in 50% of the vegetable samples. Vegetables have a different capacity of bioaccumulation for heavy metals, attributed to varied physiology and soil pH. Heavy metals are environmentally stable, non-biodegradable, toxic to living beings and tend to accumulate in plants and animals causing chronic adverse effects on human health.

Biography:

Prakash Gyawali has his expertise in Renewable Energy, Waste Management and Disaster Response plan .His dynamic and proactive attitude creates new pathways for improving RE and Waste management. He has 7 years more experience in the local government sector and his proactiveness attitude easy to convince the stakeholder. He has successfully completed the international course “Facilitating Multi-stakeholder processes and social learning: an advanced course in the use of participatory approaches for institutional change held CDI, Wageningen, The Netherland, 3-21 September 2012 and Designing and facilitating multi-stakeholder partnerships for gender and youth sensitive food security held in Bangalore India,12-25 November 2016.

Abstract:

An environment pollution and climate change happened due to greenhouse gases (GHG) emission. As we know most of the anthropogenic emission of GHG results from the combustion of fossil fuels but we should also know that environmental concerns such as waste management also contribute to Global Warming. The solid waste management is based on an understanding of MSWs composition and physiochemical characteristics. The results show that organic matter represents 69% of waste, followed by paper-cardboard 7%, plastic 8%, miscellaneous 13%, metal 1%, and glass 2%. The major source of GHG from landfill sites which produce significant methane and carbon dioxide gas. The main impact of the methane is on a global scale, as a greenhouse gas. Although levels of methane in the environment are relatively low, its high “global warming potential” (21 times that of carbon dioxide) rank it amongst the worst of greenhouse gases. The main cause to increase atmospheric temperature due to high production of GHG (CH₄, CO₂ & N₂O etc.).GHG mitigation measure in the waste includes source reduction through waste prevention, recycling, composting, waste to energy incineration and methane capture from landfills and wastewater. Specific mitigation option includes the use of 3R principle; waste segregation, reduction at the source; composting anaerobic digestion for biogas; sanitary landfill sites with methane capture; healthcare waste management; proper statutory framework; public participation; private sector partnership; tax waiver for recycling enterprises; and financial management. Regulation is required to ban recyclable waste in the landfill. This paper focuses on waste-to-energy and especially its current status and benefits, with regard to GHG, renewable energy production and slurry management on basis of experience in Nepal.

Biography:

Anamul Nayan is an MSc student of the Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University under Environmental Sciences & Management Program. He has long experiences in environmental management and sustainable business development maintaining low carbon emission. Now he is working on greenhouse gas emission reduction and sustainable industrial growth. Prof MAH Bhuiyan mentor of the first author has huge experiences working on GHG and climate change research. Most recent studies are attached to the references.

Abstract:

Statement of the Problem: Emission of greenhouse gas (GHG) accounts the interplay between the economy and the environment with respect to air emissions for assessing whether current production and consumption activities are on a sustainable path of development. Each greenhouse gas has various capacities that cause global warming, depending on its radiative properties, molecular weight and length of time it remains in the atmosphere.

Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: This study was conducted by secondary data collected from different industries and relevant Government and Non-Government organizations in Bangladesh. Simple statistical methods were applied to analyze the GHG data.

Findings: The most recent year of GHG emissions from various sectors in Bangladesh’s shown that agriculture is the leading contributor, with 39% of total emissions. The energy sector is the second highest emitter with the order of electricity and heat production (46%), other fuel combustion (21%), manufacturing and construction (20%), and transportation (14%). Among the other sectors, land-use change and forestry and solid waste represent the third and fourth highest emitters, accounting for 31% and 18%, respectively. Though the mean annual emission of GHG comparing to the global average is 0.4% which is more than 200 times lower than the developed countries. The results of the study showed that Bangladesh’s emissions grew 59% from 1990 to 2014. The mean annual change during this in industrial processes (IP) (17%).

Conclusion & Significance: Overall Bangladesh’s GDP increased over from 1990 to 2014 at a considerably which is a greater rate than the total GHG emissions, signaling that Bangladesh’s carbon intensity had decreased relative to 1990. Nevertheless, emissions comparing to GDP remains well over double the world average and there remains great potential to further reduce carbon intensity.

Biography:

Abstract:

The aim of the research work is to look for alternative energy source so as to minimize the greenhouse gases emission, which are the main causes for global warming, from non-renewable energy sources and parallelly reduce the water pollution load due to the discharge of nutrient-rich wastewater from industries that lead to eutrophication. It mainly focuses on determining and analyzing the factors that affect the yield of biodiesel production from algal biomass and to optimize the processing conditions. Microalgae oil was extracted from dried and grinded consortium microalgae through the Soxhlet extraction method and the physicochemical properties were determined. Design Expert 7.0.0 software application was used to statistically analyze data obtained from experimental work. The factors that affect the biodiesel yield were investigated. The density, viscosity, acid value, saponification value, and free fatty acids were recorded as 0.94g/ml, 41.85mm²/s, 4.63mgKOH/g of oil, 201.72mg/g of oil, and 2.32% respectively. Alkali catalytic methanol transesterification method was employed to produce biodiesel from the oil and to improve the physicochemical properties of the oil. Temperature is found to be the factor that highly affects the yield of biodiesel. An optimum yield of 89.61% (44.8ml) biodiesel was obtained at reaction temperature of 53.270c, 1.99% catalyst and 6.18 alcohol to oil molar ratio. The physicochemical properties of the optimum obtained biodiesel were determined and the results were compared with the ASTM and EN standards. The physicochemical properties were recorded as density (0.89g/ml), viscosity (5.5mm²/s), acid value (0.78mgKOH/g of oil), moisture content (0.026%w/w), ash content (0.022%), and free fatty acid (0.39%). The results showed that the fuel properties are within the ASTM and EN standards and it suggests the potential of algal oil as a feedstock for the biodiesel industry which could be exploited as an alternative source of fuel.

Biography:

Abstract:

An environment pollution and climate change happened due to greenhouse gases (GHG) emission. As we know most of the anthropogenic emission of GHG results from the combustion of fossil fuels but we should also know that environmental concerns such as waste management also contribute to Global Warming. The solid waste management is based on an understanding of MSWs composition and physiochemical characteristics. The results show that organic matter represents 69% of waste, followed by paper-cardboard 7%, plastic 8%, miscellaneous 13%, metal 1%, and glass 2%. The major source of GHG from landfill sites which produce significant methane and carbon dioxide gas. The main impact of the methane is on a global scale, as a greenhouse gas. Although levels of methane in the environment are relatively low, its high “global warming potential” (21 times that of carbon dioxide) rank it amongst the worst of greenhouse gases. The main cause to increase atmospheric temperature due to high production of GHG (CH₄, CO₂ & N₂O etc.).GHG mitigation measure in the waste includes source reduction through waste prevention, recycling, composting, waste to energy incineration and methane capture from landfills and wastewater. Specific mitigation option includes the use of 3R principle; waste segregation, reduction at the source; composting anaerobic digestion for biogas; sanitary landfill sites with methane capture; healthcare waste management; proper statutory framework; public participation; private sector partnership; tax waiver for recycling enterprises; and financial management. Regulation is required to ban recyclable waste in the landfill. This paper focuses on waste-to-energy and especially its current status and benefits, with regard to GHG, renewable energy production and slurry management on basis of experience in Nepal

Biography:

Abstract:

Using an aircraft the measurements of aerosol particles and cloud microstructures were made over the ocean around the south of Kyushu Islands of Japan during the Asian Atmospheric Particulate Environmental Change Experiment 3/Asia Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (APEX-E3/ACE-Asia) during the period of 17 March to 13 April 2003. Results demonstrated that polluted air from the Asia continent could penetrate several hundreds of kilometers over the oceans and clouds forming in that air had significantly altered microphysical properties. Based on the number concentration of aerosol particles with diameters between 0.3 and 5μm, two cases were investigated: 22 March 2003 was termed a "clean" case and 12 April 2003 as a "polluted" case. Single particle analysis of particles was also carried out by electron microscopy. The particles in the polluted marine boundary layer were characterized by the presence of sulfate particles with traces of potassium and heavy metals. The cloud droplets in the polluted marine boundary layer exhibited a larger number concentrations than those in the clean boundary layer, along with the decrease in the droplet size. The present study demonstrated that polluted air from the Asia continent could penetrate several hundreds of kilometers over the oceans and clouds forming in that air had significantly altered microphysical properties. 

Biography:

Solomon Fessehaye Woldeyohannes is a lead researcher and part-time instructor in several universities across the country. Much of his research on topics ranging from industrial water conservation to waste utilization were published and presented at several conferences. Reduction of water used for leather processing by replacing the same with eco-friendly recoverable solvents was one of his works which enabled processing water reduction of more than 70%. As leather processing industries utilize ample municipal water for processing of leather, this project provided a tangible insight on the applicability aspects. Moreover, solid waste generated was insignificant and can easily be treated. Apart from this, he has and is working on several research works with regards to cleaner production and waste utilization.

Abstract:

Tannery waste is considered to be one of the world’s major industrial wastes. Leather production has expanded in economically developing countries despite having declined in the more developed nations in the last few decades. The waste generated from tanneries in most developing countries potentially ends up in improperly planned landfill sites, resulting in dangerous and serious risks to ecological and human health. Significant amounts of solid and liquid wastes are generated from leather tanneries. Solid waste generated accounts for up to 85% of rawhide. These solid wastes are generated throughout the leather processing stages. One consequence of the finishing operation is known as chrome buffing dust (CBD). Based on the extensive chemicals utilized in the skin and hide processing, CBD contains large concentrations of trivalent chromium alongside organic and other inorganic compounds. Nevertheless, CBD may also be a useful resource if it is managed expertly. In the present research work, CBD is subjected to starved air incineration (SAI) at 800℃ in a thermal incinerator to convert the organic fraction into char. The residue is solidified/stabilized using Portland cement and sand and allowed to cure for 28 days. The solidified blocks are tested for unconfined compressive strength and heavy metal leaching. This research demonstrated potential recycling of tannery waste as a partial replacement for fine aggregate to produce construction material as road pavement blocks. Value-added product tannery waste for the purposes of environmentally friendly construction is not only economical advantageous; it also provides a sustainable solution that stops tannery waste ending up at the landfill.

Biography:

Yolanda Gonzalez-Garcia holds a PhD degree in Biotechnological processes and has her expertise in bacterial biopolymers such as polyhydroxyalkanoates, exopolymeric substances, and bacterial cellulose. She is a titular researcher at the Department of Wood, Cellulose, and Paper of the University of the University Guadalajara (Mexico).

Abstract:

Statement of the Problem: Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a high added-value biopolymer with important biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Its production cost from conventional culture media is high therefore the use of agro-wastes to cultivate cellulose producing bacteria is very important. Mexico is among the top five mango producing countries, but around 30% of the fruit is wasted. Thus, such waste is highly available, contains significant amounts of sugars, and could be used as a fermentation feedstock. It is known that variations in culture medium composition could affect the amount and properties of the synthesized BC. The objective of this research was to characterize the BC produced from a mango waste-based medium (MWB) and compare it to the synthesized in a conventional medium (Hestrin-Schramm).

Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: K. xylinus was cultivated in MWB medium formulated with mango pulp waste (total sugars initial concentration: 50g/L) supplemented with yeast extract (5g/L), in static culture (12 days, 30°C). Conventional HS medium was used as a control. BC membranes produced by the bacteria were purified, dried, and characterized: FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM, and water holding capacity (WHC).

Findings: BC produced in MWB medium presented a similar FTIR spectrum, morphological characteristics, thermogravimetric curves (degradation, 420°C), and WHC (108.6g·water/g·dry BC) than the BC produced conventionally. On the other hand, BC obtained in HS medium presented higher crystallinity that in MWB medium (77.2 vs 62.7%).

Conclusion & Significance: BC synthesized from MWB medium has similar physical and morphological characteristics that BC produced conventionally; the use of mango pulp waste for media formulation is technically feasible and could have and positive impact in the biopolymer production cost. Valorization of agricultural wastes through biotechnological processes is an important research area for producing high-added value products and could also be a way to minimize environmental pollution problems associated with wastes disposal.

Biography:

Abstract:

Natural dyes have gained importance due to the growing environmental awareness and implementation of stringent regulations in production and use of synthetic dyes. This scenario necessitated the present investigation on bio-dyes. Therefore, to address some of these issues a study was conducted to produce natural dye and evaluate the efficiency of dying on sheep crust. Flower of B. macroptera and leaves of E. camaldulensis were extracted with n-hexane, n-hexane: chloroform 1:1, methanol: chloroform 1:1 and methanol. The dye produced from B. macroptera and E. camaldulensis were analyzed by TLC, FTIR, Column Chromatography, UV-Visible spectrophotometer, and GC-MS. The color coordinates, (L*a*b* Chroma, and ΔE), as well as wash, light, rub and perspiration fastness values,  were determined. The results of the study revealed that methanol extract showed good yields of 34.3% and 32.9% for B. macroptera and E. camaldulensis, respectively. The Rf values for both plant extracts were 54.4 and 52.2 for novocol dye. The FTIR result showed primary amine C-N stretching group in plant extract as well as in synthetic dye. Spectrophotometrically, the extracted dye, and novocol dye showed yellow color with the absorption spectrum of 436nm, 449nm, 450nm for novocol, E. camaldulensis and B. macroptera, respectively. Color bearing compounds such as ellagic acid, quercetin and gallic acid (Benzoic acid, 3.4.5-trihydroxy) obtained from E. camaldulensis and lutein from B. macroptera while 6-Amino.1,4-diazo anthraquinone obtained from the novocol dye. The dyed leather from plant extract were showed better coloring properties with the following fastness ratings (R); for dry rubbing (5R), wet rubbing (4/5R), perspiration on test pieces (4R),washing (4R), and light (5R ) for B. macroptera and (5R), for dry and wet rubbing, (4/5R) perspiration test pieces, (4/5R) for washing and (4/5R) lightness property for E. camaldulensis. The results showed that natural dye from Eucalyptus leaf and B. macroptera flowers extract have potential applications for leather dyeing.

Biography:

Wintana Kassahun received the BSc Degree in Industrial Chemistry from the University of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, in 2009, and MSc Degree in Chemical engineering (Leather technology) from CLRI (Central leather research institute), Chennai in India and AAiT (Addis Ababa Technology Institute), and Addis Ababa in Ethiopia in 2014. In 2010, she joined Leather Industry Development Institute (LIDI) in the leather technology directorate department, as junior and Assistance Researcher, and in 2016 became a Researcher and then Senior Leather Researcher. At the same time, she was given a Lecturer post at the University of AAiT, AASTU, Ethio-China Institute and training for industrial workers. She have over seven years of experience mainly in the leather technology and a lecturer. She have been trained on different technologies by CLRI expert during benchmarking and  had taken different training in India and China on cleaner technology and leather finishing techniques. Currently, she is working at Ethiopia Biotechnology institute in Nanotechnology Directorate as an Associative Researcher.

Abstract:

Fleshing wastes are generated from tanneries during leather processing. These wastes contain a significant quantity of protein and fat and currently being wasted into dumping sites or in open areas, consequently creating the fleshing waste disposal as a major environmental problem of the tanning industries throughout the world. The objective of this work is to develop fat liquor cum retanning agent from the fleshing waste. The fat extracted from the fleshing was characterized for iodine, saponification and acid value. The fleshing hydrolysate was characterized for the degree of hydrolysis, solid content, molecular weight, particle size, and zeta potential measurement. The leathers were not found to be greasy, indicating that the product penetrated into the leather matrix. The particle size of the prepared product fell down in the range of the commercially available retanning agents. The leather physical characterization with this new product was compared with that of control leather processed with commercial agent almost the same. Organoleptic properties were evaluated by experts and found to be on par with that of the control leathers. This study proves that the protein and fat from fleshing wastes can be utilized to make a beneficial product and also answers the disposal problem associated with the solid waste generated from tanning industries.